Edit on GitHub << back to Plugins

# REST Plugin

This plugin is only available with Struts 2.1.1 or later.

## Overview

The REST Plugin provides high level support for the implementation of RESTful resource based web applications Convention Plugin.

If you prefer to see a working code example, instead of reading through an explanation, you can download the Struts2 Example Applications and check out the `struts2-rest-showcase` application, a complete WAR file, that demonstrates a simple REST web program.

### Features

- Ruby on Rails REST-style URLs
- Zero XML config when used with Convention Plugin
- Built-in serialization and deserialization support for XML and JSON
- Automatic error handling
- Type-safe configuration of the HTTP response
- Automatic conditional GET support

### Mapping REST URLs to Struts 2 Actions

The main functionality of the REST plugin lies in the interpretation of incoming request URL’s according the RESTful rules. In the Struts 2 framework, this `mapping` of request URL’s to Actions is handled by in implementation of the ActionMapper interface. Out of the box, Struts 2 uses the DefaultActionMapper to map URL’s to Actions via the logic you are probably already familiar with.

### Actions or Controllers ?

Most Struts 2 developers are familiar with the Action. They are the things that get executed by the incoming requests. In the context of the REST plugin, just to keep you on your toes, we’ll adopt the RESTful lingo and refer to our Actions as Controllers. Don’t be confused; it’s just a name!

The REST plugin provides an alternative implementation, RestActionMapper, that provides the RESTful logic that maps a URL to a give action class ( aka `controller` in RESTful terms ) and, more specifically, to the invocation of a method on that controller class. The following section, which comes from the Javadoc for the class, details this logic.

### RESTful URL Mapping Logic

This Restful action mapper enforces Ruby-On-Rails REST-style mappings. If the method is not specified (via `!` or `method:` prefix), the method is “guessed” at using REST-style conventions that examine the URL and the HTTP method. Special care has been given to ensure this mapper works correctly with the Convention plugin so that XML configuration is unnecessary.

This mapper supports the following parameters:

- `struts.mapper.idParameterName` - If set, this value will be the name of the parameter under which the id is stored. The id will then be removed from the action name. Whether the method is specified, the mapper will try to truncate the identifier from the url and store it as a parameter.
- `struts.mapper.indexMethodName` - The method name to call for a GET request with no id parameter. Defaults to index.
- `struts.mapper.getMethodName` - The method name to call for a GET request with an id parameter. Defaults to show.
- `struts.mapper.postMethodName` - The method name to call for a POST request with no id parameter. Defaults to create.
- `struts.mapper.putMethodName` - The method name to call for a PUT request with an id parameter. Defaults to update.
- `struts.mapper.deleteMethodName` - The method name to call for a DELETE request with an id parameter. Defaults to destroy.
- `struts.mapper.editMethodName` - The method name to call for a GET request with an id parameter and the edit view specified. Defaults to edit.
- `struts.mapper.newMethodName` - The method name to call for a GET request with no id parameter and the new view specified. Defaults to editNew.

The following URL’s will invoke its methods:

- `GET: /movies` => method=index
- `GET: /movies/Thrillers` => method=show, id=Thrillers
- `GET: /movies/Thrillers;edit` => method=edit, id=Thrillers
- `GET: /movies/Thrillers/edit` => method=edit, id=Thrillers
- `GET: /movies/new` => method=editNew
- `POST: /movies` => method=create
- `PUT: /movies/Thrillers` => method=update, id=Thrillers
- `DELETE: /movies/Thrillers` => method=destroy, id=Thrillers

To simulate the HTTP methods PUT and DELETE, since they aren’t supported by HTML, the HTTP parameter `_method` will be used.

Or, expressed as a table:

HTTP method | URI | Class.method | parameters
--- | --- | --- | ---
GET | /movie | Movie.index |
POST | /movie | Movie.create |
PUT | /movie/Thrillers | Movie.update | id=”Thrillers”
DELETE | /movie/Thrillers | Movie.destroy | id=”Thrillers”
GET | /movie/Thrillers | Movie.show | id=”Thrillers”
GET | /movie/Thrillers/edit | Movie.edit | id=”Thrillers”
GET | /movie/new | Movie.editNew |

### Content Types

In addition to providing mapping of RESTful URL’s to Controller ( Action ) invocations, the REST plugin also provides the ability to produce multiple representations of the resource data. By default, the plugin can return the resource in the following content types:

- HTML
- XML
- JSON

There is nothing configure here, just add the content type extension to your RESTful URL. The framework will take care of the rest. So, for instance, assuming a Controller called Movies and a movie with the id of superman, the following URL’s will all hit the

    http://my.company.com/myapp/movies/superman
    http://my.company.com/myapp/movies/superman.xml
    http://my.company.com/myapp/movies/superman.xhtml
    http://my.company.com/myapp/movies/superman.json

> Note, these content types are supported as incoming data types as well. And, if you need, you can extend the functionality by writing your own implementations of org.apache.struts2.rest.handler.ContentTypeHandler and registering them with the system.

## Usage

This section will walk you through a quick demo. Here are the steps in the sequence that we will follow.

- Setting Up your Project
- Configuring your Project
- Writing your Controllers

### Setting Up

Assuming you have a normal Struts 2 application, all you need to do for this REST demo is to add the following two plugins:

- Struts 2 Rest Plugin
- Struts 2 Convention Plugin

> Note, you can download the jars for these plugins from Maven Central

### Configuration - struts.xml

Just dropping the plugin’s into your application may not produce exactly the desired effect. There are a couple of considerations. The first consideration is whether you want to have any non-RESTful URL’s coexisting with your RESTful URL’s. We’ll show two configurations. The first assumes all you want to do is REST. The second assumes you want to keep other non-RESTful URL’s alive in the same Struts 2 application.

As with all configuration of Struts 2, we prefer using `<constant/>` elements in our `struts.xml`.

### REST Only Configuration

Instruct Struts to use the REST action mapper:

    <constant name="struts.mapper.class" value="rest" />

At this point, the REST mapper has replaced the DefaultActionMapper so all incoming URL’s will be interpreted as RESTful URL’s.

We’re relying on the Convention plugin to find our controllers, so we need to configure the convention plugin a bit:

    <constant name="struts.convention.action.suffix" value="Controller"/>
    <constant name="struts.convention.action.mapAllMatches" value="true"/>
    <constant name="struts.convention.default.parent.package" value="rest-default"/>
    <constant name="struts.convention.package.locators" value="example"/>

> Note, you don’t have to use the Convention plugin just to use the REST plugin. The actions of your RESTful application can be defined in XML just as easily as by convention. The REST mapper doesn’t care how the application came to know about your actions when it maps a URL to an invocation of one of it’s methods.

### REST and non-RESTful URL’s Together Configuration

If you want to keep using some non-RESTful URL’s alongside your REST stuff, then you’ll have to provide for a configuration that utilizes to mappers.

Plugins contain their own configuration. If you look in the Rest plugin jar, you’ll see the struts-plugin.xml and in that you’ll see some configuration settings made by the plugin. Often, the plugin just sets things the way it wants them. You may frequently need to override those settings in your own struts.xml.

First, you’ll need to re-assert the extensions that struts knows about because the rest plugin will have thrown out the default `action` extension.

      <constant name="struts.action.extension" value="xhtml,,xml,json,action"/>

Next, we will configure the PrefixBasedActionMapper, which is part of the core Struts 2 distribution, to have some URL’s routed to the Rest mapper and others to the default mapper.

      <constant name="struts.mapper.class" value="org.apache.struts2.dispatcher.mapper.PrefixBasedActionMapper" />
      <constant name="struts.mapper.prefixMapping" value="/rest:rest,:struts"/>
      <constant name="struts.actionProxyFactory" value="prefix"/>

> Please be aware that you should also use the `PrefixBasedActionProxyFactory` factory together with the `PrefixBasedActionMapper` mapper to allow the framework to create proper `ActionProxy`s per given prefix.

And, again, we’re relying on the Convention plugin to find our controllers, so we need to configure the convention plugin a bit:

    <constant name="struts.convention.action.suffix" value="Controller"/>
    <constant name="struts.convention.action.mapAllMatches" value="true"/>
    <constant name="struts.convention.default.parent.package" value="rest-default"/>
    <constant name="struts.convention.package.locators" value="example"/>

### Write Your Controller Actions

Once everything is configured, you need to create the controllers. Controllers are simply actions created with the purpose of handling requests for a give RESTful resource. As we saw in the mapping logic above, various REST URL’s will hit different methods on the controller. Traditionally, normal Struts 2 actions expose the `execute` method as their target method. Here’s a sample controller for a `orders` resource. Note, this sample doesn’t implement all of the methods that can be hit via the RESTful action mapper’s interpretation of URL’s.

    package org.apache.struts2.rest.example;

    public class OrdersController implements ModelDriven<Order> {

        private OrderManager orderManager;
        private String id;
        private Order model;

        // Handles /orders/{id} GET requests
        public HttpHeaders show() {
            model = orderManager.findOrder(id);
            return new DefaultHttpHeaders("show")
                .withETag(model.getUniqueStamp())
                .lastModified(model.getLastModified());
        }

        // Handles /orders/{id} PUT requests
        public String update() {
            orderManager.updateOrder(model);
            return "update";
        }

        // getters and setters
    }

In this example, the `ModelDriven` interface is used to ensure that only my model, the Order object in this case, is returned to the client, otherwise, the whole `OrdersController` object would be serialized.

`ModelDriven` also determines what is bindable from the request body: the model is the target of `@StrutsParameter` authorization, so all of `Order` can be populated from an incoming request without the annotation. Shape such a model as a request contract carrying only the fields the controller intends to accept, rather than as a domain or persistence entity — see `@StrutsParameter` for the full rules.

Where’s ActionSupport? Normally, you extend ActionSupport when writing Struts 2 actions. In these case, our controller doesn’t do that. Why, you ask? ActionSupport provides a bunch of important functionality to our actions, including support for i18n and validation. All of this functionality, in the RESTful case, is provided by the default interceptor stack defined in the REST plugin’s struts-plugin.xml file. Unless you willfully break your controller’s membership in the rest-default package in which that stack is defined, then you’ll get all that functionality you are used to inheriting from ActionSupport.

You may wonder why the `show()` method returns a `HttpHeaders` object and the `update()` method returns the expected result code String. The REST Plugin adds support for action methods that return `HttpHeaders` objects as a way for the action to have more control over the response. In this example, we wanted to ensure the response included the ETag header and a last modified date so that the information will be cached properly by the client. The `HttpHeaders` object is a convenient way to control the response in a type-safe way.

Also, notice we aren’t returning the usual “success” result code in either method. This allows us to use the special features of the Conventio Plugin to intuitively select the result template to process when this resource is accessed with the `.xhtml` extension. In this case, we can provide a customized XHTML view of the resource by creating `/orders-show.jsp` and `/orders-update.jsp` for the respective methods.

## Advanced Topics

The following sections describe some non-standard bells and whistles that you might need to utilize for your application’s more non-standard requirements.

### XStream configuration

Since Struts 6.1.0 you can customise XStream handler by implementing a few interfaces:

- `XStreamAllowedClasses` - to control which classes can be accessed by the XStream
- `XStreamAllowedClassNames` - similar to the above but you can specify class names
- `XStreamPermissionProvider` - you can define a custom set of `TypePermission`s used by XStream
- `XStreamProvider` - you can create your own instance of `XStream` which will be used to serialise/deserialize objects

These interfaces need to be implemented by an action:

    private static class SimpleAction extends ActionSupport implements XStreamProvider {
        @Override
        public XStream createXStream() {
            XStream stream = new XStream(new StaxDriver());
            stream.alias("parents", ArrayList.class);
            stream.alias("data", SimpleBean.class);
            return stream;
        }
    }

### Custom ContentTypeHandlers

If you need to handle extensions that aren’t supported by the default handlers, you can create your own `ContentTypeHandler` implementation and define it in your `struts.xml`:

    <bean name="yaml" type="org.apache.struts2.rest.handler.ContentTypeHandler" class="com.mycompany.MyYamlContentHandler" />

If the built-in content type handlers don’t do what you need, you can override the handling of any extension by providing an alternate handler. First, define your own `ContentTypeHandler` and declare with its own alias. For example:

    <bean name="myXml" type="org.apache.struts2.rest.handler.ContentTypeHandler" class="com.mycompany.MyXmlContentHandler" />

Then, tell the REST Plugin to override the handler for the desired extension with yours. In `struts.properties`, it would look like this:

    <constant name="struts.rest.handlerOverride.xml" value="myXml"/>

As of Struts 7.2.0 the built-in content type handlers enforce the `@StrutsParameter` annotation per property during deserialization. Custom handlers that need the same property-level authorization should implement `AuthorizationAwareContentTypeHandler` (which extends `ContentTypeHandler` with authorization callbacks) instead of `ContentTypeHandler` directly.

### Settings

The following settings can be customized. See the developer guide. For more configuration options see the Convention Plugin Documentation

Setting | Description | Default | Possible Values
--- | --- | --- | ---
struts.rest.handlerOverride.EXTENSION | The alias for the ContentTypeHandler implementation that handles the EXTENSION value | N/A | Any declared alias for a ContentTypeHandler implementation
struts.rest.defaultExtension | The default extension to use when none is explicitly specified in the request | xhtml | Any extension
struts.rest.validationFailureStatusCode | The HTTP status code to return on validation failure | 400 | Any HTTP status code as an integer
struts.rest.namespace | Optional parameter to specify namespace for REST services | / | eg. /rest
struts.rest.content.restrictToGET | Optional parameter, if set to true blocks returning content from any other methods than GET, if set to false, the content can be returned for any kind of method | true | eg. put struts.rest.content.restrictToGET = false in struts.properties

## Resources

- http://www.b-simple.de/documents - Short RESTful Rails tutorial (PDF, multiple languages)
- RESTful Web Services - Highly recommend book from O’Reilly
- Go Light with Apache Struts 2 and REST - Presentation by Don Brown at ApacheCon US 2008

## Version History

From Struts 2.1.1+

Follow @x