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# Validation

Struts 2 validation is configured via XML or annotations. Manual validation in the action is also possible, and may be combined with XML and annotation-driven validation.

Validation also depends on both the `validation` and `workflow` interceptors (both are included in the default interceptor stack). The `validation` interceptor does the validation itself and creates a list of field-specific errors. The `workflow` interceptor checks for the presence of validation errors: if any are found, it returns the “input” result (by default), taking the user back to the form which contained the validation errors. See Default Workflow Interceptor for details on method-specific validation and workflow behavior.

If we’re using the default settings and our action does not have an “input” result defined and there are validation (or, incidentally, type conversion) errors, we’ll get an error message back telling us there’s no “input” result defined for the action.

## Using Annotations

Annotations can be used as an alternative to XML for validation.

## Bean Validation

With struts 2.5 comes the Bean Validation Plugin. That is an alternative to the classic struts validation described here. See the Plugin Page for details.

## Examples

In all examples given here, the validation message displayed is given in plain English - to internationalize the message, put the string in a properties file and use a property key instead, specified by the ‘key’ attribute. It will be looked up by the framework (see Localization).

1. Basic Validation
2. Client-side Validation
3. AJAX Validation
4. Using Field Validators
5. Using Non Field Validators
6. Using Visitor Field Validator
7. How do we repopulate controls when validation fails (FAQ entry)

## Bundled Validators

When using a Field Validator, Field Validator Syntax is ALWAYS preferable than using the Plain Validator Syntax as it facilitates grouping of field-validators according to fields. This is very handy especially if a field needs to have many field-validators which is almost always the case.

1. conversion validator
2. date validator
3. double validator
4. email validator
5. expression validator
6. fieldexpression validator
7. int validator
8. regex validator
9. required validator
10. requiredstring validator
11. short validator
12. stringlength validator
13. url validator
14. visitor validator
15. conditionalvisitor validator

## Registering Validators

Validation rules are handled by validators, which must be registered with the ValidatorFactory (using the `registerValidator` method). The simplest way to do so is to add a file name `validators.xml` in the root of the classpath (/WEB-INF/classes) that declares all the validators you intend to use.

The following list shows the default validators included in the framework and is an example of the syntax used to declare our own validators.

    <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
    <!--
    /*
     * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
     * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
     * distributed with this work for additional information
     * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
     * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
     * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
     * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
     *
     *  http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
     *
     * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
     * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
     * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
     * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
     * specific language governing permissions and limitations
     * under the License.
     */
    -->
    <!DOCTYPE validators PUBLIC
            "-//Apache Struts//XWork Validator Definition 1.0//EN"
            "https://struts.apache.org/dtds/xwork-validator-definition-1.0.dtd">

    <!-- START SNIPPET: validators-default -->
    <validators>
        <validator name="required" class="org.apache.struts2.validator.validators.RequiredFieldValidator"/>
        <validator name="requiredstring" class="org.apache.struts2.validator.validators.RequiredStringValidator"/>
        <validator name="int" class="org.apache.struts2.validator.validators.IntRangeFieldValidator"/>
        <validator name="long" class="org.apache.struts2.validator.validators.LongRangeFieldValidator"/>
        <validator name="short" class="org.apache.struts2.validator.validators.ShortRangeFieldValidator"/>
        <validator name="double" class="org.apache.struts2.validator.validators.DoubleRangeFieldValidator"/>
        <validator name="date" class="org.apache.struts2.validator.validators.DateRangeFieldValidator"/>
        <validator name="expression" class="org.apache.struts2.validator.validators.ExpressionValidator"/>
        <validator name="fieldexpression" class="org.apache.struts2.validator.validators.FieldExpressionValidator"/>
        <validator name="email" class="org.apache.struts2.validator.validators.EmailValidator"/>
        <validator name="creditcard" class="org.apache.struts2.validator.validators.CreditCardValidator"/>
        <validator name="url" class="org.apache.struts2.validator.validators.URLValidator"/>
        <validator name="visitor" class="org.apache.struts2.validator.validators.VisitorFieldValidator"/>
        <validator name="conversion" class="org.apache.struts2.validator.validators.ConversionErrorFieldValidator"/>
        <validator name="stringlength" class="org.apache.struts2.validator.validators.StringLengthFieldValidator"/>
        <validator name="regex" class="org.apache.struts2.validator.validators.RegexFieldValidator"/>
        <validator name="conditionalvisitor" class="org.apache.struts2.validator.validators.ConditionalVisitorFieldValidator"/>
    </validators>
    <!--  END SNIPPET: validators-default -->

> Struts 2.1 and Prior The `validators.xml` used to reference a DTD hosted by Opensymphony, the original location of the XWork project. Since they moved to Apache Struts, DTDs were changed. Please ensure in your projects to include the DTD header as described in the examples found here.

> Struts 2.0.7 and Prior The `validators.xml` containing custom validators needs to contain a copy of the default validators. No DTD was used in `validators.xml`. See: Release Notes 2.0.8

## Turning on Validation

The default interceptor stack, “defaultStack”, already has validation turned on. When creating your own interceptor-stack be sure to include both the `validation` and `workflow` interceptors. From `struts-default.xml`:

    <interceptor-stack name="defaultStack">
       ...
       <interceptor-ref name="validation">
          <param name="excludeMethods">input,back,cancel,browse</param>
       </interceptor-ref>
       <interceptor-ref name="workflow">
          <param name="excludeMethods">input,back,cancel,browse</param>
       </interceptor-ref>
    </interceptor-stack>

Beginning with version 2.0.4 Struts provides an extension to XWork’s `com.opensymphony.xwork2.validator.ValidationInterceptor` interceptor.

    <interceptor name="validation" class="org.apache.struts2.interceptor.validation.AnnotationValidationInterceptor"/>

This interceptor allows us to turn off validation for a specific method by using the `@org.apache.struts2.interceptor.validation.SkipValidation` annotation on the action method.

## Validator Scopes

Field validators, as the name indicate, act on single fields accessible through an action. A validator, in contrast, is more generic and can do validations in the full action context, involving more than one field (or even no field at all) in validation rule. Most validations can be defined on per field basis. This should be preferred over non-field validation wherever possible, as field validator messages are bound to the related field and will be presented next to the corresponding input element in the respecting view.

Non-field validators only add action level messages. Non-field validators are mostly domain specific and therefore offer custom implementations. The most important standard non-field validator provided by XWork is `ExpressionValidator`.

## Notes

Non-field validators takes precedence over field validators regardless of the order they are defined in `*-validation.xml`. If a non-field validator is `short-circuited`, it will causes its non-field validator to not being executed. See validation framework documentation for more info.

## Defining Validation Rules

Validation rules can be specified:

1. Per Action class: in a file named `ActionName-validation.xml`
2. Per Action alias: in a file named `ActionName-alias-validation.xml`
3. Inheritance hierarchy and interfaces implemented by Action class: XWork searches up the inheritance tree of the action to find default validations for parent classes of the Action and interfaces implemented

Note on “Action Alias”: In this context, “action alias” refers to the action name specified in the `name` attribute of the `<action>` element in your Struts configuration (e.g., `struts.xml`). For example, if you have `<action name="editUser" class="com.example.UserAction">`, then “editUser” is the action alias. This allows you to have different validation rules for the same Action class when it’s mapped to different action names.

### Validation Files for Actions with Slashes

When using action names with slashes (enabled via `struts.enable.SlashesInActionNames`), the validation file naming follows a special rule: slashes in the action alias are replaced with hyphens.

Pattern: `ClassName-{action-alias-with-slashes-replaced-by-hyphens}-validation.xml`

Example:

For this action configuration:

    <constant name="struts.enable.SlashesInActionNames" value="true"/>

    <action name="a/b/myaction.validate"
            class="myPath.MyAction"
            method="create">
        <result name="input" type="tiles">mytiles</result>
    </action>

The validation file should be named:

- Action-specific alias validation: `MyAction-a-b-myaction.validate-validation.xml`
- General action validation: `MyAction-validation.xml` (applies to all aliases)

Location: Place validation files in `src/main/resources/myPath/` (following your package structure)

This behavior is implemented in `AnnotationActionValidatorManager` where `context.replace('/', '-')` converts the action alias for file resolution.

Here is an example for SimpleAction-validation.xml:

    <!DOCTYPE validators PUBLIC "-//Apache Struts//XWork Validator 1.0.3//EN"
    		"http://struts.apache.org/dtds/xwork-validator-1.0.3.dtd">
    <validators>
      <field name="bar">
          <field-validator type="required">
              <message>You must enter a value for bar.</message>
          </field-validator>
          <field-validator type="int">
              <param name="min">6</param>
              <param name="max">10</param>
              <message>bar must be between ${min} and ${max}, current value is ${bar}.</message>
          </field-validator>
      </field>
      <field name="bar2">
          <field-validator type="regex">
              <param name="expression">[0-9],[0-9]</param>
              <message>The value of bar2 must be in the format "x, y", where x and y are between 0 and 9</message>
         </field-validator>
      </field>
      <field name="date">
          <field-validator type="date">
              <param name="min">12/22/2002</param>
              <param name="max">12/25/2002</param>
              <message>The date must be between 12-22-2002 and 12-25-2002.</message>
          </field-validator>
      </field>
      <field name="foo">
          <field-validator type="int">
              <param name="min">0</param>
              <param name="max">100</param>
              <message key="foo.range">Could not find foo.range!</message>
          </field-validator>
      </field>
      <validator type="expression">
          <param name="expression">foo lt bar </param>
          <message>Foo must be greater than Bar. Foo = ${foo}, Bar = ${bar}.</message>
      </validator>
    </validators>

Here we can see the configuration of validators for the `SimpleActio`n class. Validators (and field-validators) must have a `type` attribute, which refers to a name of an Validator registered with the `ValidatorFactory` as above. Validator elements may also have `<param>` elements with name and value attributes to set arbitrary parameters into the Validator instance. See below for discussion of the message element.

In this context, “Action Alias” refers to the action name as given in the Struts configuration. Often, the name attribute matches the method name, but they may also differ.

## Localizing and Parameterizing Messages

Each Validator or Field-Validator element must define one message element inside the validator element body. The message element has 1 attributes, key which is not required. The body of the message tag is taken as the default message which should be added to the Action if the validator fails. Key gives a message key to look up in the Action’s ResourceBundles using `getText()` from `LocaleAware` if the Action implements that interface (as `ActionSupport` does). This provides for Localized messages based on the `Locale` of the user making the request (or whatever `Locale` you’ve set into the `LocaleAware` Action). After either retrieving the message from the ResourceBundle using the Key value, or using the Default message, the current Validator is pushed onto the ValueStack, then the message is parsed for `${...}` sections which are replaced with the evaluated value of the string between the `${` and `}`. This allows you to parameterize your messages with values from the Validator, the Action, or both.

If the validator fails, the validator is pushed onto the ValueStack and the message - either the default or the locale-specific one if the key attribute is defined (and such a message exists) - is parsed for `${...}` sections which are replaced with the evaluated value of the string between the `${` and `}`. This allows you to parameterize your messages with values from the validator, the Action, or both.

> Since validation rules are in an XML file, you must make sure you escape special characters. For example, notice that in the expression validator rule above we use “>” instead of “>”. Consult a resource on XML for the full list of characters that must be escaped. The most commonly used characters that must be escaped are: & (use &), < (use <), and > (use >).

Here is an example of a parameterized message:

This will pull the min and max parameters from the IntRangeFieldValidator and the value of bar from the Action.

    bar must be between ${min} and ${max}, current value is ${bar}.

Another notable fact is that the provided message value is capable of containing OGNL expressions. Keeping this in mind, it is possible to construct quite sophisticated messages.

See the following example to get an impression:

    <message>${getText("validation.failednotice")} ! ${getText("reason")}: ${getText("validation.inputrequired")}</message>

### Customizing validation messages

There is another option to customise validation messages by using parametrized messages. Either you can use them via XML or with annotations.

#### XML

To use this new approach you must use a proper header in a `<ActionName>-validation.xml` file, see below:

    <?xml version="1.0"?>
    <!DOCTYPE validators PUBLIC
            "-//Apache Struts//XWork Validator 1.0.3//EN"
            "http://struts.apache.org/dtds/xwork-validator-1.0.3.dtd">
    <validators>
      ...
    </validators>

Now you can define validators that will use parametrized messages as below:

    <field name="username">
        <field-validator type="requiredstring">
            <message key="errors.required">
                <param name="0">getText('username.field.name')</param>
            </message>
        </field-validator>
    </field>

> NOTE: Please be aware that all the parameters will be evaluated against `ValueStack`, please do not reference user controlled values or incoming parameters in request as this can lead to a security vulnerability

Now you can define your properties file with localized messages:

    errors.required={0} is required.
    username.field.name=Username

As you can see you defined a `errors.required` key with a placeholder for the param. The names of the params are not important, order is important as this mechanism uses `MessageFormat` to format the message.

The final output will be as follow:

    Username is required.

#### Annotations

The same mechanism can be used with annotations as follow:

    @RequiredStringValidator(key = "errors.required", messageParams = {
        "getText('username.field.name')"
    })
    @StrutsParameter
    public void setUsername(String username) {
        this.username = username;
    }

## Validator Flavor

The validators supplied by the XWork distribution (and any validators you might write yourself) come in two different flavors:

1. Plain Validators / Non-Field validators
2. FieldValidators

Plain Validators (such as the `ExpressionValidator`) perform validation checks that are not inherently tied to a single specified field. When you declare a plain Validator in your `-validation.xml` file you do not associate a `fieldname` attribute with it. You should avoid using plain Validators within the `<field-validator>` syntax described below.

FieldValidators (such as the `EmailValidator`) are designed to perform validation checks on a single field. They require that you specify a `fieldname` attribute in your `-validation.xml` file. There are two different (but equivalent) XML syntaxes you can use to declare FieldValidators (see “ vs. syntax" below).

There are two places where the differences between the two validator flavors are important to keep in mind:

1. when choosing the xml syntax used for declaring a validator (either `<validator>` or `<field-validator>`)
2. when using the `short-circuit` capability

> Note that you do not declare what “flavor” of validator you are using in your `-validation.xml` file, you just declare the name of the validator to use and Struts will know whether it’s a “plain Validator” or a “FieldValidator” by looking at the validation class that the validator’s programmer chose to implement.

## Non-Field Validator Vs Field-Validator validatortypes

There are two ways you can define validators in your `-validation.xml` file:

1. `<validator>`
2. `<field-validator>`

Keep the following in mind when using either syntax:

Non-Field-Validator: The `<validator>` element allows you to declare both types of validators (either a plain Validator a field-specific FieldValidator).

    <validator type="expression">
        <param name="expression">foo gt bar</param>
        <message>foo must be great than bar.</message>
    </validator>

    <validator type="required">
        <param name="fieldName">bar</param>
        <message>You must enter a value for bar.</message>
    </validator>

field-validator: The `<field-validator>` elements are basically the same as the `<validator>` elements except that they inherit the `fieldName` attribute from the enclosing `<field>` element. FieldValidators defined within a `<field-validator`> element will have their `fieldName` automatically filled with the value of the parent `<field>` element’s `fieldName` attribute. The reason for this structure is to conveniently group the validators for a particular field under one element, otherwise the fieldName attribute would have to be repeated, over and over, for each individual `<validator>`.

It is always better to defined field-validator inside a `<field>` tag instead of using a `<validator>` tag and supplying `fieldName` as its param as the xml code itself is clearer (grouping of field is clearer).

> Note that you should only use FieldValidators (not plain Validators) within a block. A plain Validator inside a `<field>` will not be allowed and would generate error when parsing the xml, as it is not allowed in the defined DTD (xwork-validator-1.0.2.dtd)

Declaring a FieldValidator using the `<field-validator>` syntax:

    <field name="email_address">
        <field-validator type="required">
            <message>You cannot leave the email address field empty.</message>
        </field-validator>
        <field-validator type="email">
            <message>The email address you entered is not valid.</message>
        </field-validator>
    </field>

The choice is yours. It’s perfectly legal to only use elements without the elements and set the `fieldName` attribute for each of them. The following are effectively equal:

    <field name="email_address">
        <field-validator type="required">
            <message>You cannot leave the email address field empty.</message>
        </field-validator>
        <field-validator type="email">
            <message>The email address you entered is not valid.</message>
        </field-validator>
    </field>

    <validator type="required">
        <param name="fieldName">email_address</param>
        <message>You cannot leave the email address field empty.</message>
    </validator>
    <validator type="email">
        <param name="fieldName">email_address</param>
        <message>The email address you entered is not valid.</message>
    </validator>

## Short-Circuiting Validator

It is possible to `short-circuit` a stack of validators. Here is another sample config file containing validation rules from the Xwork test cases: Notice that some of the `<field-validator>` and `<validator>` elements have the `short-circuit` attribute set to true.

    <!DOCTYPE validators PUBLIC
            "-//Apache Struts//XWork Validator 1.0.3//EN"
     	   "http://struts.apache.org/dtds/xwork-validator-1.0.3.dtd">
    <validators>
      <!-- Field Validators for email field -->
      <field name="email">
          <field-validator type="required" short-circuit="true">
              <message>You must enter a value for email.</message>
          </field-validator>
          <field-validator type="email" short-circuit="true">
              <message>Not a valid e-mail.</message>
          </field-validator>
      </field>
      <!-- Field Validators for email2 field -->
      <field name="email2">
         <field-validator type="required">
              <message>You must enter a value for email2.</message>
          </field-validator>
         <field-validator type="email">
              <message>Not a valid e-mail2.</message>
          </field-validator>
      </field>
      <!-- Plain Validator 1 -->
      <validator type="expression">
          <param name="expression">email.equals(email2)</param>
          <message>Email not the same as email2</message>
      </validator>
      <!-- Plain Validator 2 -->
      <validator type="expression" short-circuit="true">
          <param name="expression">email.startsWith('mark')</param>
          <message>Email does not start with mark</message>
      </validator>
    </validators>

short-circuiting and Validator flavors

Plain validator takes precedence over field-validator. They get validated first in the order they are defined and then the field-validator in the order they are defined. Failure of a particular validator marked as short-circuit will prevent the evaluation of subsequent validators and an error (action error or field error depending on the type of validator) will be added to the `ValidationContext` of the object being validated.

In the example above, the actual execution of validator would be as follows:

1. Plain Validator 1
2. Plain Validator 2
3. Field Validators for email field
4. Field Validators for email2 field

Since Plain Validator 2 is short-circuited, if its validation failed, it will causes Field validators for email field and Field validators for email2 field to not be validated as well.

Usefull Information: More complicated validation should probably be done in the `validate()` method on the action itself (assuming the action implements `Validatable` interface which `ActionSupport` already does). You can also use method-specific validation methods like `validate{MethodName}()` or `validateDo{MethodName}()` - see Default Workflow Interceptor for details.

A plain Validator (non FieldValidator) that gets short-circuited will completely break out of the validation stack. No other validators will be evaluated and plain validators takes precedence over field validators meaning that they get evaluated in the order they are defined before field validators get a chance to be evaluated.

Short cuircuiting and validator flavours

A FieldValidator that gets short-circuited will only prevent other FieldValidators for the same field from being evaluated. Note that this “same field” behavior applies regardless of whether the `<validator>` or `<field-validator>` syntax was used to declare the validation rule. By way of example, given this `-validation.xml` file:

    <validator type="required" short-circuit="true">
      <param name="fieldName">bar</param>
      <message>You must enter a value for bar.</message>
    </validator>

    <validator type="expression">
      <param name="expression">foo gt bar</param>
      <message>foo must be great than bar.</message>
    </validator>

both validators will be run, even if the “required” validator short-circuits. “required” validators are FieldValidator’s and will not short-circuit the plain ExpressionValidator because FieldValidators only short-circuit other checks on that same field. Since the plain Validator is not field specific, it is not short-circuited.

## How Validators of an Action are Found

As mentioned above, the framework will also search up the inheritance tree of the action to find default validations for interfaces and parent classes of the Action. If you are using the short-circuit attribute and relying on default validators higher up in the inheritance tree, make sure you don’t accidentally short-circuit things higher in the tree that you really want!

The effect of having common validators on both

- `<actionClass>-validation.xml`
- `<actionClass>-<actionAlias>-validation.xml`

It should be noted that the nett effect will be validation on both the validators available in both validation configuration file. For example if we have ‘requiredstring’ validators defined in both validation xml file for field named ‘address’, we will see 2 validation error indicating that the the address cannot be empty (assuming validation failed). This is due to WebWork will merge validators found in both validation configuration files.

The logic behind this design decision is such that we could have common validators in `<actionClass>-validation.xml` and more context specific validators to be located in `<actionClass>-<actionAlias>-validation.xml`.

## Writing custom validators

If you want to write custom validator use on of these classes as a starting point:

- `com.opensymphony.xwork2.validator.validators.ValidatorSupport`
- `com.opensymphony.xwork2.validator.validators.FieldValidatorSupport`
- `com.opensymphony.xwork2.validator.validators.RangeValidatorSupport`
- `com.opensymphony.xwork2.validator.validators.RepopulateConversionErrorFieldValidatorSupport`

## Resources

WebWork Validation

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